---
title: "MySQL Performance"
---

> Documentation Index
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> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# MySQL Performance

Bars show round medians; whiskers show minimum–maximum. Latency summaries are medians of the per-round percentiles.

## Test environment

| Item | Configuration |
| --- | --- |
| Measurement (UTC) | 2026-10-15 14:13:27–14:18:32 |
| Machine | Mac16,11 · Apple M4 Pro · arm64 |
| CPU (physical / logical cores) | 14 / 14 |
| Memory | 48 GiB |
| Operating system | macOS 27.0.1 (26A434) |
| Compiler | Apple Clang 21.0.0 (clang-2100.3.34.2) |
| Build | Release · -O3 -DNDEBUG · C++20 |
| Server | MySQL Community Server 8.4.11 |
| Dependencies | Boost 1.90.0 / Standalone Asio 1.38.2 / OpenSSL 3.6.4 |
| Authentication | caching_sha2_password |
| Server configuration | max_allowed_packet=64 MiB; max_connections=32; charset=utf8mb4; autocommit=ON |
| Connections | 1 / 4 |
| Payload | 1 / 4 / 16 KiB |
| Queries in flight per connection | 1 / 16 |
| Query API | COM_QUERY / COM_STMT_EXECUTE |
| Transport | TCP / TLS |
| Source commit | 9b02217b1405aafbc218f9857e0470a3b9b9e673 |
| Warmup / target duration / rounds | 0.15 s / 1 s / 3 |
| Workload combinations | 96 |

Client and MySQL server run on this machine over IPv4 loopback. TLS certificate-chain and IP identity verification are enabled. The setup first authenticated over TLS and warmed the caching_sha2_password authentication cache, including for subsequent plain-transport measurements. Connection setup, authentication and statement preparation are excluded from measured intervals. Other builds and tests were paused.

## Measurement scope

Read-only text/prepared SELECT with binary results verified; callback API, one IO context/thread per connection. Query RT includes client queueing; commands execute sequentially per connection.

CPU is client process usage with one full core at 100%; it can exceed 100% and excludes the database server. RSS is the process lifetime peak, including warmup and earlier rounds, not newly allocated memory in that round.

Every group retains at least 4405 latency samples per round. Bounded sampling estimates percentiles. Local results do not establish production deployment capacity.

## Query throughput

![Query throughput](/arknet/performance/assets/mysql-throughput.svg)

## Query RT p50

![Query RT p50](/arknet/performance/assets/mysql-p50.svg)

## Query RT p99

![Query RT p99](/arknet/performance/assets/mysql-p99.svg)

## Client CPU

![Client CPU](/arknet/performance/assets/mysql-cpu.svg)

## Client process peak RSS

![Client process peak RSS](/arknet/performance/assets/mysql-rss.svg)

## Detailed results

<details>
<summary>Expand median results</summary>

| Dependency / transport / mode | Payload B | Clients | Queries in-flight/connection | Queries/s | Query p50 µs | Query p99 µs | CPU % | RSS MiB | Rounds |
| --- | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,477.82 | 86.67 | 98.33 | 18.4 | 6.84 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,925.4 | 83.96 | 95.92 | 17.15 | 6.88 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,465.99 | 86.67 | 101.75 | 18.54 | 8.05 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,492.48 | 86.63 | 99.75 | 18.96 | 8.14 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,500.95 | 86.79 | 97.38 | 18.51 | 7.27 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,917.36 | 83.92 | 96.21 | 17.21 | 6.84 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,326.18 | 86.67 | 110.21 | 19.03 | 8.06 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 1 | 1 | 11,440.29 | 86.67 | 101.96 | 19.09 | 8.08 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,521.49 | 1,277.33 | 1,326.67 | 19.96 | 7.05 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,393.89 | 1,296.04 | 1,357.33 | 19.77 | 7.52 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,862.18 | 1,242.63 | 1,343.46 | 23.7 | 8.31 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,480.34 | 1,274.54 | 1,370.58 | 23.62 | 8.42 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,326.21 | 1,302.58 | 1,335.96 | 18.59 | 7.16 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,051.37 | 1,328 | 1,356.04 | 18.53 | 7.11 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,890.51 | 1,237.33 | 1,356.79 | 23.79 | 8.36 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 1 | 16 | 12,651.38 | 1,258.63 | 1,373.29 | 24.04 | 8.77 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 39,235.03 | 101.46 | 114.92 | 92.72 | 9.53 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 39,609.73 | 100.58 | 115.17 | 93.44 | 10.48 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 36,923.32 | 107.17 | 139.17 | 102.8 | 10.34 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 37,334.83 | 106.46 | 128.13 | 103.15 | 11.73 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 39,141.81 | 101.67 | 117.92 | 93.06 | 8.91 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 39,606.57 | 100.63 | 115 | 93.46 | 9.53 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 37,184.23 | 106.96 | 125.67 | 101.86 | 10.17 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 4 | 1 | 37,298.3 | 106.63 | 124.54 | 103.52 | 10.88 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 44,368.3 | 1,436.92 | 1,555.71 | 109.46 | 9.61 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 44,678.19 | 1,424.96 | 1,576.46 | 109.77 | 11.3 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 42,081.29 | 1,515.13 | 1,670.92 | 118.66 | 10.91 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 42,261.07 | 1,508.25 | 1,633.71 | 120.13 | 12.55 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 44,328.95 | 1,435.63 | 1,588.25 | 109.87 | 11.17 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 44,597.46 | 1,429.17 | 1,550.63 | 110.62 | 11.22 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 42,045.57 | 1,516.54 | 1,643.63 | 118.69 | 12.42 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 1024 | 4 | 16 | 42,228.72 | 1,509.54 | 1,631.5 | 119.82 | 12.52 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 8,694.62 | 114.63 | 128.54 | 16.04 | 7.14 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 9,725.14 | 102.58 | 117.75 | 16.49 | 6.78 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 8,452.39 | 116 | 147 | 17.57 | 8.13 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 9,097.82 | 109.29 | 122.63 | 18.97 | 8.45 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 8,703.26 | 114.63 | 127.92 | 16.27 | 6.8 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 9,669.13 | 102.63 | 118.42 | 16.73 | 6.84 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 8,690.27 | 114.71 | 130.75 | 17.18 | 8.48 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 1 | 1 | 9,110.18 | 109.29 | 122.63 | 19.18 | 8.09 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 10,180.92 | 1,569.29 | 1,674.63 | 19.04 | 7.52 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 10,844.28 | 1,471.92 | 1,564.33 | 20.85 | 7.28 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 9,860.24 | 1,614.67 | 1,789.58 | 20.36 | 8.41 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 10,354.92 | 1,532.75 | 1,707.67 | 22.67 | 8.64 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 9,926.76 | 1,573.54 | 1,738.58 | 19.18 | 7.19 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 10,814.59 | 1,477.04 | 1,558.46 | 21.04 | 7.36 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 9,667.21 | 1,650.71 | 1,759.42 | 20.61 | 8.44 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 1 | 16 | 10,467.26 | 1,519.71 | 1,661.29 | 22.74 | 8.56 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 30,620.88 | 129.63 | 156.67 | 82.87 | 9.05 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 33,024.93 | 120.67 | 134.71 | 89.66 | 9.02 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 29,070.37 | 136.71 | 164.38 | 91.99 | 10.33 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 30,640.73 | 129.96 | 150.67 | 101.22 | 10.67 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 30,855.87 | 129.17 | 147.13 | 82.27 | 9.05 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 32,962.09 | 120.88 | 135.42 | 89.77 | 10.5 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 29,021.16 | 136.96 | 164.88 | 92.26 | 10.36 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 4 | 1 | 30,580.88 | 130.13 | 154.92 | 101.35 | 10.59 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 33,831.74 | 1,888.25 | 2,010.13 | 94.58 | 11.27 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 36,873.01 | 1,730.83 | 1,843.5 | 102.4 | 10.23 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 31,872.15 | 2,002.29 | 2,170.29 | 104.77 | 11.44 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 33,783.48 | 1,890.58 | 2,023.17 | 115.32 | 11.52 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 33,804.04 | 1,887.25 | 2,020.92 | 94.99 | 9.98 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 36,726.85 | 1,737.17 | 1,850.42 | 102.71 | 10.13 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 31,943.26 | 2,000 | 2,161.29 | 104.87 | 10.88 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 4096 | 4 | 16 | 33,734.36 | 1,891.42 | 2,014.13 | 115.43 | 12.92 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 4,977.85 | 198.67 | 218.58 | 12.79 | 7.02 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 6,006.38 | 165.33 | 184.25 | 16.38 | 7.17 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 4,432.97 | 224.04 | 242.42 | 16.89 | 8.22 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 4,986.4 | 201.29 | 219.96 | 23.7 | 8.06 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 4,853.75 | 205.63 | 226.25 | 13.3 | 6.78 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 5,676.9 | 177.33 | 197.92 | 17.04 | 6.86 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 4,415.12 | 225.29 | 249.25 | 17.37 | 8.08 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 1 | 1 | 4,776.8 | 207.08 | 253.75 | 24.99 | 8.3 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 5,341.87 | 2,987.96 | 3,177.88 | 13.96 | 7.53 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 6,325.37 | 2,526.58 | 2,703.58 | 17.55 | 8.53 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 4,683.51 | 3,413.33 | 3,523.92 | 17.26 | 8.83 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 4,947.7 | 3,233.33 | 3,353.83 | 23.35 | 8.88 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 5,351.24 | 2,987.88 | 3,131.58 | 13.98 | 7.47 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 6,295.41 | 2,538.58 | 2,671.08 | 17.43 | 7.7 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 4,691.74 | 3,404.04 | 3,569.33 | 17.44 | 8.69 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 1 | 16 | 4,951.64 | 3,220.88 | 3,414.21 | 23.51 | 9.81 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 17,475.36 | 227.79 | 263.54 | 63.85 | 9.5 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 20,948.01 | 190.42 | 214.46 | 83.08 | 9.39 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 15,695.19 | 252.54 | 309.29 | 84.58 | 10.31 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 15,903.63 | 234.29 | 296 | 111.74 | 10.3 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 17,504.62 | 227.46 | 263.79 | 64.14 | 9.58 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 20,895.41 | 190.75 | 223.42 | 83.14 | 10 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 15,702.08 | 252.42 | 309.83 | 85.08 | 10.31 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 4 | 1 | 15,916.37 | 234.21 | 298.63 | 111.81 | 10.84 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 18,485.74 | 3,458.42 | 3,582.67 | 70.19 | 10.69 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 22,297.37 | 2,864.29 | 3,001.79 | 91.17 | 15.63 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 15,862.27 | 4,030.92 | 4,190.25 | 89.16 | 11.72 | 3 |
| Boost.Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 16,617.67 | 3,841.42 | 4,113.71 | 120.33 | 16.91 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 18,466.38 | 3,460.79 | 3,591.17 | 70.14 | 10.67 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TCP · text | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 22,252.18 | 2,870.71 | 3,016 | 91.48 | 15.52 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · prepared | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 15,822.66 | 4,039.79 | 4,214.13 | 89.38 | 11.98 | 3 |
| Standalone Asio · TLS · text | 16384 | 4 | 16 | 15,901.89 | 3,812.71 | 4,030.04 | 111.81 | 16.59 | 3 |

</details>

## Reproduction and provenance

[Build and run the benchmark](https://github.com/OpenArkStudio/arknet/blob/main/benchmarks/mysql.md) · [API usage](/arknet/features/mysql/usage)

[Download raw measurements and metadata](<https://github.com/OpenArkStudio/arknet/releases/download/v0.2.0/arknet-0.2.0-benchmark-data.tar.gz>)

Raw dataset SHA-256: `c956a158708acf3d577d49d48d96358723d8886e0b82c856769f09589623bb1c`

| Measured source | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
| benchmarks/mysql.cpp | `badd0dfa01bb4c61de94893f8ad7a003eb48e146060651c8ad2f455e01a07d5c` |
| benchmarks/resources.hpp | `d6056569c5c660e6bc22adce7a3a583d87f8b6ec514770cc7dcf16f416fc8054` |
| include/arknet/base/detail/deadline.hpp | `767f8456a5961a6264e7c49aef4adc3438f63d0eaf5d15793a0d24c9224d4c0d` |
| include/arknet/base/detail/future.hpp | `f890053100ef610a60d9be7cfa41378c09895d37ff42d9b5cd01bd23418663ee` |
| include/arknet/base/error.hpp | `688e20d0ff4d3166316c11379d0001ba7fd0a80ff99d6c3b347f4fccf97d1d05` |
| include/arknet/base/io_pool.hpp | `8ee8e6eae6c715c65179101de849b95c2ce16873d8e361c1b279556cf2641dc1` |
| include/arknet/config.hpp | `62065289aefbd845ae8c9f3562f6e2872b6ff92f72b2add4ca7be75e696e3f27` |
| include/arknet/external/asio.hpp | `910980772d975b219e001d718af75e9a70d1a30ecd73fd38073051e78b339f8a` |
| include/arknet/external/assert.hpp | `e387a797d5b315bc8d94e280bfe4a0ac7527efabb41b0ffa6ed854f30b21a018` |
| include/arknet/mysql/connection.hpp | `8e88c222abe98b7cc1e5e1aa27053cef8c080ea5c8b9ef01852372e4dca7d1c0` |
| include/arknet/mysql/detail/auth.hpp | `867c9f2a0d842405ce88d0513e58d8fe3ea76bc2bee89fe9438d15cde4b0933c` |
| include/arknet/mysql/detail/command.hpp | `8b93a09c5003622b9f52aefbb781feb0ec642df96b4513af464acb6d61d21aba` |
| include/arknet/mysql/detail/handshake.hpp | `f6c94b4f6fe9ee6645fa6b728fb1b59b480e1390f0c3525ebfb34426f15b44cf` |
| include/arknet/mysql/detail/wire.hpp | `b432b1c488772d05da58e80e9ceadd09151feeb4724bfe4e92ab83359d58a317` |
| include/arknet/mysql/pool.hpp | `44e56ac33457dad19dcd80fccef10cd657acddb35a10ca9d7035435aeeb419bb` |
| tests/certs/ca.pem | `83237c5bc8bece54c98bba65c58a13a086ad9b0139a941df390d34836c7febd7` |

Source: https://openarkstudio.github.io/arknet/features/mysql/performance/index.mdx